Write a Brief Description of the Fiscal Policy of the United States. Free Essays

Health Sanitation Practices Essay Example for Free

Wellbeing Sanitation Practices Essay * an ensured well or a created spring with an outlet yet without a dispersion framework * showed for rustic territories * serves 15-25 families; its effort isn't in excess of 250 m from the most remote client * yields 40-140 L/min Level II (Communal Faucet or Stand Posts) * With a source, store, channeled dispersion organize and mutual fixtures * Located at not in excess of 25 m from the most remote house * Delivers 40-80 L of water for every capital every day to a normal of 100 families * Fit for country regions where houses are thickly grouped Level III (Individual House Connections or Waterworks System) * With a source, supply, funneled merchant system and family unit taps * Fit for thickly populated urban networks * Requires least treatment or cleansing Appropriate Excreta and Sewage Disposal Program EHS sets arrangements on affirmed sorts of can offices: Level I * Non-water carriage latrine office †no water important to wash the loss into accepting space e. g. pit toilets, reed scentless earth storage room. * Toilet offices requiring modest quantity of water to wash the loss into the getting space for example pour flush latrine water privies Level II * on hand latrine offices of the water carriage type with water-fixed and flush sort with septic vault/tank removal. Level III * Water carriage sorts of latrine offices associated with septic tanks as well as to sewerage framework to treatment plant. Objective: The goal of this investigation is to decide sanitation practices and inclinations in sitio ganha-an.By inspecting contrasts between current practices and inclinations, the examination evaluates if the networks are happy with their present sanitation alternatives and if there is an interest for expanded sanitation inclusion and better offices. Water Supply. The serious issue for needy individuals in many nations is access to safe water in satisfactory amount, with sensible accommodation, and at a reasonable expense. Arrangements incorporate nearby awards to introduce family unit drains and water catch tanks; neighborhood wells intended to oppose contamination; and little systems of water focuses served by a neighborhood well, borehole, or spring. The gracefully issues of significant urban areas require incorporated methodologies that consolidate request the executives, spill fix, reverse counteraction, wastewater reuse, and the proficient, practical abuse of sources. Strong Waste Disposal. The relationship of sanitation perspectives is represented by the requirement for sufficient strong waste expulsion to forestall the blockage of water channels. Assortment of deny in hot atmospheres must be visit since heaps draw in flies and rodents, and it ought to depend more on nearby work serious strategies as opposed to on costly trucks. For the activity to be fruitful requires close collaboration between the clients and suppliers of the administration, and financing must come either from metropolitan intermittent assets and additionally client expenses. Excreta Disposal. Huge sewerage foundation ventures will in general be unreasonably costly for most by far of urban and country individuals in creating nations, and it might be difficult to fabricate a sewage arrange framework in clogged, slender roads. On location alternatives incorporate restrooms, pourflush toilets, and septic tanks. There ought to be assessed at every area as indicated by requirements and needs. As water use develops in towns and towns, wastewater from washing and washing (sullage) can be cost-viably took care of by a different seepage framework coupled to on location excreta removal. Trash is an endless cycle. Consistently every family unit creates a lot of junk. The more we expend the more trash we cause. Waste disposal has been a stupendous issue from that point onward. ( Yapchiongco, 2012) For an absence of noteworthy time arrangement of dependable broadly delegate drinking water quality information, the JMP can't investigate the real water security part of the MDG drinking water target. The intermediary marker utilized in the worldwide review system †â€Å"use of improved drinking water sources† †doesn't ensure that the nature of drinking water devoured by individuals satisfies the guidelines for safe drinking water as proposed in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking water Quality (WHO, 2011). Contamination from household and modern sources, geogenic tainting, and poor sanitation and cleanliness all compromise the security of drinking water sources. In acknowledgment of these dangers, many drinking water gracefully administrators and controllers are embracing a coordinated hazard evaluation and the board approach that considers chance spots and occasions along the chain of occasions from source to tap. Systems incorporate quantitative microbial hazard appraisal (QMRA), clean examinations, the use of wellbeing based targets and water security plans (WSPs). The act of family water treatment and safe stockpiling (HWTS) can help improve water quality at the purpose of utilization, particularly when drinking water sources are inaccessible, inconsistent or hazardous. In any case, HWTS is a makeshift measure in particular and doesn't supplant the commitment of a specialist organization to give access to safe drinking water. It is planned for individuals who have no entrance to improved drinking water sources by any means, for individuals with access to improved sources outside of their home or premises (for example at the point when sullying can happen during transport and capacity), for individuals with problematic funneled supplies who need to store water to connect the holes among conveyances, and for individuals in crisis circumstances. Individuals depending on unchanged drinking water sources who apply a proper family water treatment technique are as yet not considered to have manageable access to safe drinking water. Doing so would clear the suppliers of their duty to give safe drinking water and as a result move this obligation to purchasers. http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/assets/report_wash_low.pdf

Is ECT Used for Borderline Personality Disorder

Is ECT Used for Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Treatment Print Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treating BPD A Psychiatric Treatment With a Controversial History By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Updated on November 28, 2019 Martin Dimitrov / Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions Electroconvulsive therapy (or ECT) is a psychiatric treatment with a long and controversial history. The treatment involves briefly passing an electrical current through the brain. This procedure is not used to treat borderline personality disorder (BPD), but it is used to treat severe depression that has not responded to adequate medication trials and under other clinical circumstances. Since many people with borderline personality disorder also suffer from depression, some people who receive electroconvulsive therapy have BPD. Using ECT Effective for Borderline Personality Disorder Even though electroconvulsive therapy is used to treat severe depression in people who have borderline personality disorder, there is research that suggests that ECT is not as effective in treating depression for people who also have BPD. One study, published in 2004, looked at the effects of ECT in 139 patients, all of whom had major depression and 20 of whom also had borderline personality disorder. The study found that eight days following treatment, those with borderline personality disorder didnt score as well on a depression symptom measurement scale as those who didnt have a personality disorder or those who had a different type of personality disorder. The patients in that study who had borderline personality disorder were more likely to be women, to be younger, and to have medication-resistant depression, but the study authors noted that these factors didnt account for their poorer response to electroconvulsive therapy. Researchers have agreed that ECT doesnt seem to work as well in patients with borderline personality disorder, although the reasons for this arent clear. The Bottom Line The research literature in this area is small and inconsistent, so it does not mean that people who have both depression and borderline personality disorder should not receive ECT. However, it is something to consider when you are weighing the risks and benefits. While ECT does have a long and controversial history, it is recognized as an effective treatment for severe depression by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The APA has issued guidelines for the use of ECT that ensure that the procedures are carried out with your safety and well-being in mind. Some people do experience unwanted side effects from electroconvulsive therapy (for example, memory loss), so you should talk about the risks and benefits with your provider if you are considering ECT.

The Butcher and His Fiend Like Queen in William...

The Butcher and his Fiend like Queen in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth Introduction At the end of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Malcolm refers to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as: This dead like butcher and his fiend like queen, when he was crowned as new king of Scotland. In Malcolm’s eyes, the Macbeths are just that, cruel murderers who stole away the throne from him and his father. A butcher can be described as someone who kills, or have people killed unnecessarily or brutally. A fiend can be defined as a very cruel person, or one who causes trouble and annoyance. Macbeth is a butcher and Lady Macbeth his fiend-like queen, because of greed he had taken the lives of many people even close friends of him, and she manipulates him into†¦show more content†¦Macbeth soon realizes that he cannot stop at just killing Duncan. He understands that the one person who is most likely to threaten his position as King is Banquo. This is because he was present when the strange sisters gave Macbeth their prophecy, and can guess that Macbeth is guilty of murderin g the King. Macbeth murdered his best friend, Banquo, for two different reasons. The witches’ predictions, that Banquo’s son is to become king, and the fear about Banquo’s knowledge of his dirty crime. Macbeth assigns the three murderers to kill both Banquo and his son Fleance. | â€Å"Fleance his son, that keeps him company, Whose absence is no less material to me Than is his fathers, must embrace the fate Of that dark hour.† (3, 1) | Banquo was Macbeth’s best friend and had done nothing wrong; therefore must this act be the most butcher-like from Macbeth’s side. Macbeth slaughtered Lady Macduff and her son, due to the predictions made by the witches. Another example of Macbeth being a butcher is when he hires the murderers to kill the family of Macduff, just in order to cause him pain. | â€Å"The castle of Macduff I will surprise; Seize upon Fife; give to the edge o the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls† (4, 1) | To murder innocent children and their mother is an exceptionally brutal act. Conclusion â€Å"The butcher and his Fiend like queen† as Malcolm refers to Macbeths in the end of the play, isShow MoreRelated Butcher and His Fiend Like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth1034 Words   |  5 PagesButcher and His Fiend Like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth I do agree with this judgement of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, but only in some aspects of the play by William Shakespeare. There are many arguments for this judgement; these will be discussed in this essay. In act one scene two Macbeth is portrayed as a heartless, merciless and brutal warrior. We get this impression of Macbeth from the report that is given to King Duncan by the captain; For brave MacbethRead MoreMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as A Dead Butcher and His Fiend-like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth2137 Words   |  9 PagesMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as A Dead Butcher and His Fiend-like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth is one of Shakespeares four famous tragedies. It was written in 1605-1606, at the peak of Shakespeares career; and was chosen to accolade the new King James I of England, who had been James VI of Scotland. He had a fascination with witchcraft and the supernatural, so the play Macbeth complimented his passion. Shakespeare is famed for his use of the English languageRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth was a â€Å"butcher†, however he became that way as a result of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth was a fiend-like queen whose evilness declined after the murders. In the end of the play, however, Macbeth’s transformation was complete and he was a butcher. Main Body Topic 1 ================= Macbeth’s transition from good to evil by Lady Macbeth:  · Ambition was his only reason for killing the king – â€Å"I have no spur To prickRead More Macbeth Is A Butcher And Lady Macbeth Is A Fiend-like Queen Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pages In Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth, the following statement can be applied, â€Å"Macbeth is a butcher and Lady Macbeth is a fiend-like queen.† This is a true statement as many occurrences involving Macbeth and Lady Macbeth portray them in this way. A butcher can be defined as someone who kills or has people killed needlessly or brutally. The term butcher used in this way describes Macbeth to some extent. During the play, Macbeth is involved in the murder of many people, including King Duncan, Banquo,Read MoreMacbeth Is a Butcher and Lady Macbeth Is a Fiend-Like Queen1561 Words   |  7 PagesIn Shakespeares tragedy Macbeth, the following statement can be applied, Macbeth is a butcher and Lady Macbeth is a fiend-like queen. This is a true statement as many occurrences involving Macbeth and Lady Macbeth portray them in this way. A butcher can be defined as som eone who kills or has people killed needlessly or brutally. The term butcher used in this way describes Macbeth to some extent. During the play, Macbeth is involved in the murder of many people, including King Duncan, Banquo, andRead MoreThe Presence of Ambition within MacBeth by William Shakespeare1085 Words   |  5 Pageswithin MacBeth by William Shakespeare Ambition is a quality within every human, however it sometimes drives people to partake in totally unnatural actions. As illustrated in William Shakespeares Macbeth, some forms of ambition can push people into becoming a person very sinister and evil. The ambition which Macbeth and Lady Macbeth encounter within Shakespeares play not only drives them to become ruthless killers, but is the cause of the two characters meeting their demise. Macbeth andRead MoreThe Start of Evil: Lady Macbeth by William Shakespeare1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Start of Evil Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600 century. It is one of Shakespeare’s most well known tragedies, and continues to be studied to this day. It is a dark and gloomy play, as the main character, Macbeth, gets a taste for evil and kills the king of Scotland, King Duncan, in order to become king himself. After this moment there is a rapid increase of evil in him, as he starts to kill more and more people who upset him or are a threat to the throne. One ofRead MoreShakespeare s Macbeth : Importance Of Secondary Characters1374 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth: Importance of Secondary Characters Dramatic literature during the Elizabethan era included the illustrious works of the remarkable William Shakespeare. As Shakespeare composes his theatric spectacles, he brings the characters to life. Shakespeare’s engrossing composition of Macbeth, exhaustively, displays the essentiality of including secondary characters in the play. Macbeth can articulately stage the crucial events in the play due to the minor characters, and their ability to exhibitRead MoreLove, Murder, and Jealousy in Shakespeares Macbeth and Brownings My Last Duchess and The Laboratory2051 Words   |  8 Pagesjealousy in Macbeth, My Last Duchess and The Laboratory? This essay will look at ways William Shakespeare (1564-1616, English actor and playwright) and Robert Browning (1812-1889, English poet and playwright) consider love, murder and jealousy in the play Macbeth and the poems, My Last Duchess and The Laboratory. When comparing these themes it is of interest to consider their historical context and setting. Macbeth was first performed in 1611 and is considered to be one of Shakespeare’s darkest andRead MoreTheme of Fair is Foul in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesTheme of Fair is Foul in William Shakespeares Macbeth Fair is Foul is the major theme in Macbeth and is present throughout the play in both the characters and the events. Fair is Foul refers to the contrast of good and evil in the play, since Macbeth commits many evil murders for what seem to be good reasons. There are several false and secretive characters, such as the Witches, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, because of the contradiction of good and evil. Therefore the

Corporate Social Responsibility - Hilton - 3197 Words

Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business/ Responsible Business) is a form of corporate self- regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. CSR is a process with the aim to embrace responsibility for the companys actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may†¦show more content†¦in developing economies); projects that support sustainable economic growth by increasing opportunities for emerging local businesses to succeed in the global value chain; disaster preparation and resiliency; critical services including housing and hunger/food insecuri ty; †¢ Culture: includes education programs that foster cultural heritage, preservation and restoration of historic or cultural monuments; projects that bridge diverse cultures and foster inclusiveness and diplomacy; support for local sourcing and goods; †¢ Sustainability: includes projects that assist in the protection, conservation and restoration of natural resources and habitats; projects that educate and inform the public about sustainability; support for sustainable sourcing and purchasing. Unsolicited Requests for Funding: Given their focus areas, in general they do not accept unsolicited funding requests and prefer to invite requests for proposals that contribute to their strategic program areas. It will be the responsibility of the Corporate Responsibility team to invite such requests and these requests will be reviewed and evaluated by a Contributions Review Committee under the supervision of the Corporate Responsibility team. Opportunities At Hilton Worldwide,Show MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Table of Content Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Understanding the Importance of CSR 4 Corporate Social Responsibility Audit 6 Findings 6 Conclusion 7 Recommendations 7 Reference List 8 Executive Summary After investigating the current situation, I found that the poor working conditions and underpayment reduce loyalty and employees’ satisfaction, employees feeling pressure with high workload and poor working conditions, substandard waste disposal methods causedRead MoreMore Friendliness Administration Positions Are Being Taken By Alumni Of Neighborliness Administration1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdoubt of enormous business. Corporate social obligation obliges associations to exhibit capable business lead that does no mischief in the commercial center, in the work environment, in the group they work in, and to the regular habitat (Roberts, 2007). The activities of business effect the nearby, national, and worldwide group, so organizations have an obligation to guarantee that the effect is sure (Paton, 2007). What is CSR? Corporate Social Responsibility includes making business progressRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibilities Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesOn September 13, 1970, Milton Friedman wrote and article, Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits. One of Milton’s theories suggested that the only legitimate incentive for a corporation to exist is to maximize its profits with its shareholders. As companies progress over time, so does the reason for the company existence. â€Å"What makes a stake holder?† Isabel Hilton (GE Stakeholders 2009) â€Å"What makes a stake holder? 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Their entire development and business goal is to establish governing structures, managing systems, and business development for First Nations people in order to establish a bright and structured future. Transformation is run by CEO Carole Anne Hilton who is driven by her ancestry and her passion to help struggling people. Hilton built the company off of the foundation of social and economic needs. Conventionally, Hilton runs herRead MoreMy Internship At The Hilton1130 Words   |  5 PagesDuring my internship at the Hilton, I have discovered hands on experience in the field I desire to have a degree in and hopefully land a job in after graduation. The amount of information I gathered and retained from this time frame in unimaginable. I thoroughly have enjoyed my stay at this hotel. The staff has been nothing but friendly and understanding. Everyone is willing to assist and direct me to the accurate direction to following proper procedures. 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Hilton Worldwide takes a comprehensive approachRead MoreIndividual Assessment Cover Sheet / Plagiarism Declaration Form8448 Words   |  34 Pages9 SERVICE: 9 INVESTIGATE THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA: 9 RECOMMENDATION: 10 TOPIC 6 - BARS 10 BARS: 11 .DAN MURPHY’S 11 TOP SELLERS: 11 CLIENT CATEGORY: 12 BEST PROMOTION 12 EFFECTS OF CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL ON HEALTH 12 SURVEY 2013 12 TOPIC 7 – MICE: MEETINGS, INCENTIVES, CONVENTIONS, AND EXHIBITIONS 13 MICE IN SYDNEY 13 HILTON HOTEL 13 FOUR POINTS BY SHERATON HOTEL 13 PARK HYATT SYDNEY 13 COMPETITION ANALYSIS: 14 COMPARISON 15 TOPIC 8 - CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE GLOBAL HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

Doing the Right Thing free essay sample

The Runaway Trolley Suppose you are the driver of a trolley car hurtling down the track at sixty miles an hour. Up ahead you see ve workers standing on the track, tools in hand. You try to stop, but you can’t. The brakes don’t work. You feel desperate, because you know that if you crash into these ve workers, they will all die. (Let’s assume you know that for sure. ) Suddenly, you notice a side track, o to the right. There is a worker on that track, too, but only one. You realize that you can turn the trolley car onto the side track, killing the one worker, but sparing the ve. What should you do? Most people would say, â€Å"Turn! Tragic though it is to kill one innocent person, it’s even worse to kill ve. † Sacri cing one life in order to save ve does seem the right thing to do. Now consider another version of the trolley story. This time, you are not the driver but an onlooker, standing on a bridge overlooking the track. (This time, there is no side track. Down the track comes a trolley, and at the end of the track are ve workers. Once again, the brakes don’t work. The trolley is about to crash into the ve workers. You feel helpless to avert this disaster—until you notice, standing next to you on the bridge, a very heavy man. You could push him o the 22 JUSTICE bridge, onto the track, into the path of the oncoming trolley. He would die, but the ve workers would be saved. (You consider jumping onto the track yourself, but realize you are too small to stop the trolley. ) Would pushing the heavy man onto the track be the right thing to do? Most people would say, â€Å"Of course not. It would be terribly wrong to push the man onto the track. † Pushing someone o a bridge to a certain death does seem an awful thing to do, even if it saves ve innocent lives. But this raises a moral puzzle:Why does the principle that seems right in the rst case—sacri ce one life to save ve—seem wrong in the second? If, as our reaction to the rst case suggests, numbers count—if it is better to save ve lives than one—then why shouldn’t we apply this principle in the second case, and push? It does seem cruel to push a man to his death, even for a good cause. But is it any less cruel to kill a man by crashing into him with a trolley car? Perhaps the reason it is wrong to push is that doing so uses the man on the bridge against his will. He didn’t choose to be involved, after all. He was just standing there. But the same could be said of the person working on the side track. He didn’t choose to be involved, either. He was just doing his job, not volunteering to sacri ce his life in the event of a runaway trolley. It might be argued that railway workers willingly incur a risk that bystanders do not. But let’s assume that being willing to die in an emergency to save other people’s lives is not part of the job description, and that the worker has no more consented to give his life than the bystander on the bridge has consented to give his. Maybe the moral di erence lies not in the e ect on the victims— both wind up dead—but in the intention of the person making the decision. As the driver of the trolley, you might defend your choice to divert the trolley by pointing out that you didn’t intend the death of the worker on the side track, foreseeable though it was; your purpose would still have been achieved if, by a great stroke of luck, the ve workers were spared and the sixth also managed to survive. DOING THE RIGHT THING 23 But the same is true in the pushing case. The death of the man you push o the bridge is not essential to your purpose. All he needs to do is block the trolley; if he can do so and somehow survive, you would be delighted. Or perhaps, on re ection, the two cases should be governed by the same principle. Both involve a deliberate choice to take the life of one innocent person in order to prevent an even greater loss of life. Perhaps your reluctance to push the man o the bridge is mere squeamishness, a hesitation you should overcome. Pushing a man to his death with your bare hands does seem more cruel than turning the steering wheel of a trolley. But doing the right thing is not always easy. We can test this idea by altering the story slightly. Suppose you, as the onlooker, could cause the large man standing next to you to fall onto the track without pushing him; imagine he is standing on a trap door that you could open by turning a steering wheel. No pushing, same result. Would that make it the right thing to do? Or is it still morally worse than for you, as the trolley driver, to turn onto the side track? It is not easy to explain the moral di erence between these cases— why turning the trolley seems right, but pushing the man o the bridge seems wrong. But notice the pressure we feel to reason our way to a convincing distinction between them—and if we cannot, to reconsider our judgment about the right thing to do in each case. We sometimes think of moral reasoning as a way of persuading other people. But it is also a way of sorting out our own moral convictions, of guring out what we believe and why. Some moral dilemmas arise from con icting moral principles. For example, one principle that comes into play in the trolley story says we should save as many lives as possible, but another says it is wrong to kill an innocent person, even for a good cause. Confronted with a situation in which saving a number of lives depends on killing an innocent person, we face a moral quandary. We must try to gure out which principle has greater weight, or is more appropriate under the circumstances. 24 JUSTICE Other moral dilemmas arise because we are uncertain how events will unfold. Hypothetical examples such as the trolley story remove the uncertainty that hangs over the choices we confront in real life. They assume we know for sure how many will die if we don’t turn— or don’t push. This makes such stories imperfect guides to action. But it also makes them useful devices for moral analysis. By setting aside contingencies—â€Å"What if the workers noticed the trolley and jumped aside in time? †Ã¢â‚¬â€hypothetical examples help us to isolate the moral principles at stake and examine their force. The Afghan Goatherds Consider now an actual moral dilemma, similar in some ways to the fanciful tale of the runaway trolley, but complicated by uncertainty about how things will turn out: In June 2005, a special forces team made up of Petty O cer Marcus Luttrell and three other U. S. Navy SEALs set out on a secret reconnaissance mission in Afghanistan, near the Pakistan border, in search of a Taliban leader, a close associate of Osama bin Laden. 7 According to intelligence reports, their target commanded 140 to 150 heavily armed ghters and was staying in a village in the forbidding mountainous region. Shortly after the special forces team took up a position on a mountain ridge overlooking the village, two Afghan farmers with about a hundred bleating goats happened u pon them. With them was a boy about fourteen years old. The Afghans were unarmed. The American soldiers trained their ri es on them, motioned for them to sit on the ground, and then debated what to do about them. On the one hand, the goatherds appeared to be unarmed civilians. On the other hand, letting them go would run the risk that they would inform the Taliban of the presence of the U. S. soldiers. As the four soldiers contemplated their options, they realized that they didn’t have any rope, so tying up the Afghans to allow time to nd a new hideout was not feasible. The only choice was to kill them or let them go free. One of Luttrell’s comrades argued for killing the goatherds: â€Å"We’re on active duty behind enemy lines, sent here by our senior commanders. We have a right to do everything we can to save our own lives. The military decision is obvious. To turn them loose would be wrong. †38 Luttrell was torn. â€Å"In my soul, I knew he was right,† he wrote in retrospect. â€Å"We could not possibly turn them loose. But my trouble is, I have another soul. My Christian soul. And it was crowding in on me. Something kept whispering in the back of my mind, it would be wrong to execute these unarmed men in cold blood. †39 Luttrell didn’t say what he meant by his Christian soul, but in the end, his conscience didn’t allow him to kill the goatherds. He cast the deciding vote to release them. (One of his three comrades had abstained. ) It was a vote he came to regret. About an hour and a half after they released the goatherds, the four soldiers found themselves surrounded by eighty to a hundred Taliban ghters armed with AK-47s and rocket-propelled grenades. In the erce re ght that followed, all three of Luttrell’s comrades were killed. The Taliban ghters also shot down a U. S. helicopter that sought to rescue the SEAL unit, killing all sixteen soldiers on board. Luttrell, severely injured, managed to survive by falling down the mountainside and crawling seven miles to a Pashtun village, whose residents protected him from the Taliban until he was rescued. In retrospect, Luttrell condemned his own vote not to kill the goatherds. â€Å"It was the stupidest, most southern-fried, lamebrained decision I ever made in my life,† he wrote in a book about the experience. â€Å"I must have been out of my mind. I had actually cast a vote which I knew could sign our death warrant. . . . At least, that’s how I look back on those moments now. . . The deciding vote was mine, and it will haunt me till they rest me in an East Texas grave. † 40 Part of what made the soldiers’ dilemma so di cult was uncertainty about what would happen if they released the Afghans. Would 26 JUSTICE they simply go on their way, or would they alert the Taliban? But suppose Luttrell knew that freeing the goatherds would lead to a devastating battle result ing in the loss of his comrades, nineteen American deaths, injury to himself, and the failure of his mission? Would he have decided di erently? For Luttrell, looking back, the answer is clear: he should have killed the goatherds. Given the disaster that followed, it is hard to disagree. From the standpoint of numbers, Luttrell’s choice is similar to the trolley case. Killing the three Afghans would have saved the lives of his three comrades and the sixteen U. S. troops who tried to rescue them. But which version of the trolley story does it resemble? Would killing the goatherds be more like turning the trolley or pushing the man o the bridge? The fact that Luttrell anticipated the danger and still could not bring himself to kill unarmed civilians in cold blood suggests it may be closer to the pushing case. And yet the case for killing the goatherds seems somehow stronger than the case for pushing the man o the bridge. This may be because we suspect that—given the outcome—they were not innocent bystanders, but Taliban sympathizers. Consider an analogy: If we had reason to believe that the man on the bridge was responsible for disabling the brakes of the trolley in hopes of killing the workers on the track (let’s say they were his enemies), the moral argument for pushing him onto the track would begin to look stronger. We would still need to know who his enemies were, and why he wanted to kill them. If we learned that the workers on the track were members of the French resistance and the heavy man on the bridge a Nazi who had sought to kill them by disabling the trolley, the case for pushing him to save them would become morally compelling. It is possible, of course, that the Afghan goatherds were not Taliban sympathizers, but neutrals in the con ict, or even Taliban opponents, who were forced by the Taliban to reveal the presence of the American troops. Suppose Luttrell and his comrades knew for certain that the goatherds meant them no harm, but would be tortured by the Taliban DOING THE RIGHT THING 27 o reveal their location. The Americans might have killed the goatherds to protect their mission and themselves. But the decision to do so would have been more wrenching (and morally more questionable) than if they knew the goatherds to be pro-Taliban spies. Moral Dilemmas Few of us face choices as fateful as those that confronted the soldiers on the mountain or the witness to the runaway trolley. But wrestling with their dilemmas sheds light on the way moral argument can proceed, in our personal lives and in the public square. Life in democratic societies is rife with disagreement about right and wrong, justice and injustice. Some people favor abortion rights, and others consider abortion to be murder. Some believe fairness requires taxing the rich to help the poor, while others believe it is unfair to tax away money people have earned through their own e orts. Some defend a rmative action in college admissions as a way of righting past wrongs, whereas others consider it an unfair form of reverse discrimination against people who deserve admission on their merits. Some people reject the torture of terror suspects as a moral abomination unworthy of a free society, while others defend it as a last resort to prevent a terrorist attack. Elections are won and lost on these disagreements. The so-called culture wars are fought over them. Given the passion and intensity with which we debate moral questions in public life, we might be tempted to think that our moral convictions are xed once and for all, by upbringing or faith, beyond the reach of reason. But if this were true, moral persuasion would be inconceivable, and what we take to be public debate about justice and rights would be nothing more than a volley of dogmatic assertions, an ideological food ght. At its worst, our politics comes close to this condition. But it need not be this way. Sometimes, an argument can change our minds.   How, then, can we reason our way through the contested terrain of justice and injustice, equality and inequality, individual rights and the common good? This book tries to answer that question. One way to begin is to notice how moral re ection emerges naturally from an encounter with a hard moral question. We start with an opinion, or a conviction, about the right thing to do: â€Å"Turn the trolley onto the side track. Then we re ect on the reason for our conviction, and seek out the principle on which it is based: â€Å"Better to sacri ce one life to avoid the death of many. † Then, confronted with a situation that confounds the principle, we are pitched into confusion: â€Å"I thought it was always right to save as many lives as possible, and yet it seems wrong to push the man o the bridge (or to kill the unarmed goatherds). † Feeli ng the force of that confusion, and the pressure to sort it out, is the impulse to philosophy. Confronted with this tension, we may revise our judgment about the right thing to do, or rethink the principle we initially espoused. As we encounter new situations, we move back and forth between our judgments and our principles, revising each in light of the other. This turning of mind, from the world of action to the realm of reasons and back again, is what moral re ection consists in. This way of conceiving moral argument, as a dialectic between our judgments about particular situations and the principles we a rm on re ection, has a long tradition. It goes back to the dialogues of Socrates and the moral philosophy of Aristotle. But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to the following challenge: If moral re ection consists in seeking a t between the judgments we make and the principles we a rm, how can such re ection lead us to justice, or moral truth? Even if we succeed, over a lifetime, in bringing our moral intuitions and principled commitments into alignment, what con dence can we have that the result is anything more than a self-consistent skein of prejudice? The answer is that moral re ection is not a solitary pursuit but a public endeavor. It requires an interlocutor—a friend, a neighbor, a DOING THE RIGHT THING 29 comrade, a fellow citizen. Sometimes the interlocutor can be imagined rather than real, as when we argue with ourselves. But we cannot discover the meaning of justice or the best way to live through introspection alone. In Plato’s Republic, Socrates compares ordinary citizens to a group of prisoners con ned in a cave. All they ever see is the play of shadows on the wall, a re ection of objects they can never apprehend. Only the philosopher, in this account, is able to ascend from the cave to the bright light of day, where he sees things as they really are. Socrates suggests that, having glimpsed the sun, only the philosopher is t to rule the cave dwellers, if he can somehow be coaxed back into the darkness where they live. Plato’s point is that to grasp the meaning of justice and the nature of the good life, we must rise above the prejudices and routines of everyday life. He is right, I think, but only in part. The claims of the cave must be given their due. If moral re ection is dialectical—if it moves back and forth between the judgments we make in concrete situations and the principles that inform those judgments—it needs opinions and convictions, however partial and untutored, as ground and grist. A philosophy untouched by the shadows on the wall can only yield a sterile utopia. When moral re ection turns political, when it asks what laws should govern our collective life, it needs some engagement with the tumult of the city, with the arguments and incidents that roil the public mind. Debates over bailouts and price gouging, income inequality and a rmative action, military ser vice and same-sex marriage, are the stu of political philosophy. They prompt us to articulate and justify our moral and political convictions, not only among family and friends but also in the demanding company of our fellow citizens. More demanding still is the company of political philosophers, ancient and modern, who thought through, in sometimes radical and surprising ways, the ideas that animate civic life—justice and rights, obligation and consent, honor and virtue, morality and law. Aristotle, 30 JUSTICE Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, and John Rawls all gure in these pages. But their order of appearance is not chronological. This book is not a history of ideas, but a journey in moral and political re ection. Its goal is not to show who in uenced whom in the history of political thought, but to invite readers to subject their own views about justice to critical examination—to gure out what they think, and why.

Violence in Sports Essay Paper Example For Students

Violence in Sports Essay Paper With the increase in society taking a stance against violence by many people, sports has become an areawhere some feel that the violent acts such as the hitting and fighting that occurs should be eliminated. You can not change something that has been around for so long because it would change the aspect of thegame to something completely different. The elimination of violence should not be done in sport becausethe violence is a part of the game which would only hurt its popularity. The reasons that the violence is occurring in sport is due to six theories according to JohnSchneider. The violence in sport mirrors the violence found in society, violence as the result ofeconomic incentives, the influence of crowd behavior on player violence, genetic causation for playeraggression, learning theory and player aggression, and psychological stress and player violenceThe theories of sport mirroring society, violence as a result of economic incentive, and theinfluence of the crowd behavior are the theories that I feel are responsible for the increasing violencein sports. Most people when involved in a highly stressful situation where violence is around wouldprobably resort to a fight to resolve their differences. In sport, why should we expect any difference. We will write a custom essay on Violence in Sports Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In events such as hockey games, where people are expected to hit and make body contact, sooner or later afight will break out and the fans will yell and scream for their favorite player involved. Likeanything, if people around us are applauding us for a certain act we have done, we will try to do it overso that we will continue to be praised. In sports, there are some players whose only role on the team isto protect and enforce the unwritten rules of the game such as in hockey where it is not right to fightor hit a Wayne Gretezy or Mario Lemieux type of star player!. His economic incentive is to protect the team and if he does not, a new line of work might be in thefuture. All three of those theories relate closely to the role of the fighter in sport and why it isthat he does commit the acts of violence. When leagues such as the National Football League (NFL) or the National Hockey League (NHL) areasked to try and remove the violence from their sport, they are hesitant because it is not what the fanswant. Bryant and Zillman report that television viewers enjoy NFL plays more when they are rough andWhy should these leagues remove the violence that is occurring if they are making money andkeeping people employed. The fans of the games want to see these situations and eliminating the fightingaspect would hurt the support. When I watch a hockey game or any other sporting event with contact,there is nothing better than seeing a good fight take place. One of the best-selling videos in parts ofthe Northeastern United States has been a collection of the best fights in the NHL (McPherson 294). Even former NHL president Clarence Campbell felt that the violence taking place in his sport wascalled for and was reluctant to remove the fighting and the body contact because he knew that it is whatFighting is a well-established safety valve for players. If violence ceases to exist, it will not bethe same game. Insofar as fighting is part of the show, we certainly sell it. We do not promote it. We tolerate it and we bring it under disciplinary control which we believe satisfies the public (Snyder Its better that the violence take place between two willing combatants such as in sports than ina situation involving spousal abuse where the majority of the times the female is being attacked againsther consent. Allowing people not to be able vent their frustrations through sport in my mind wouldincrease the violence that is happening away from the playing field. It is a known fact that sports doeskeep kids off the street and away from gangs which is why you see so many athletic and boxing clubs beingrun out of the inner city. It is allowing the youth to take that hostility out on a willing participantwho is ready and consenting rather than against an innocent bystander. .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 , .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .postImageUrl , .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 , .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4:hover , .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4:visited , .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4:active { border:0!important; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4:active , .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4 .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud868482f5bb6523d9e3fcf4ea2faa9c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Womens Right EssaySome individuals have gone as far as saying that sport is creating a deviant subculture wherethese athletes are becoming the opposite of what was intended for them. The emphasis in formalizedsport on victory may, in fact, promote deviant behavior and poor sportsmanship (Snyder 101). I would have to totally disagree with the above quote because being an athlete myself, I cannever recall a time when I could have related my deviant behavior to my sporting past. Sports does notpromote poor sportsmanship, it creates a drive to succeed within yourself and to try to do the best atwhatever you do whether it be in sports, school or at a job. The violence that is occurring today is not occurring more than it was ten or twenty years agolike some people might suggest, it is only being shown and talked about more by the mass media. If thereis one group to blame for the increase in violence I feel that it would be the media, not the athletesthemselves. If you turn on the television to watch a sportscast, it will always glorify an act ofa hit of the night or repeats of some type of fight whether it be in hockey, boxing or a bench-clearingbrawl in baseball. I can recall on numerous occasions where the media has hyped up a hockey gameinvolving two tough guys and creating a hysteria in sporting world wanting to see the outcome of thefight. Is this wrong for the media to be encouraging and glorifying the violence in sport? I dontthink so because the fans want to see it and like it or not, it is here to stay. Look at sports like boxing for example, who relies on the media to increase the sports fansinterest in an upcoming match. Wh en you can only fit approximately 17,000 people into a Las Vegasboxing arena, the money is not made at the gate (Lunney 39). Millions and millions of dollars aregathered from pay-per- view television where again millions of spectators are waiting to see the outcomeof a match like the one two weeks ago involving Mike Tyson and Frank Bruno where Tyson made an easy $30million Lunney 39). We as society are attracted to this sort of sport violence and there is nothing weShould we take steps to discourage the violence in sports is a question that is being asked todaydue to the glorification of certain events like University of Moncton-University of Prince Edward Islandhockey game where a referee was assaulted on the ice after disallowing then allowing the same goal. Thiskind of violence occurs very little in the sport of hockey considering the amount of games that areplayed throughout the year. Sure there are acts like these but they are not the norm. It would be hardto eliminate violence that is in sport because it has been there for so long and is a part of the game. Fans do not want to see it be removed because it is sometimes the only part of the game that isinteresting if the game is dull. Players know that a good, solid hit or a bit fight can sometimes putmomentum on their side giving them extra drive to pull ahead in the game. Violence in sport is nothaving a negative effect on society, it is only allowing fans to !enjoy themselves while they are watching a particular sport. Yes there are instances where players andfans do go overboard and get carried away causing fights and sometimes riots, but it is not very often. When it does happen, it is glorified so that people think sports are played by bozos and goons who canonly fight. The violence that is in sport is here to stay and should be left that way so that the realfans who know what is going on can enjoy the sport that they have took an interest in instead of mediatypes and others who do not have a clue in what they are talking about when saying that the violence inBibliographyAberdeen, R. (1995, Mar.). Participant observation and research into football hooliganism:Reflections on the problems of entree and everyday risks. Sociology of SportJournalFamily Violence Prevention Fund. Calling foul: Sports anddomestic violence. .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 , .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .postImageUrl , .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 , .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4:hover , .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4:visited , .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4:active { border:0!important; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4:active , .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4 .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua49dd2a489da888b5c3cd8cbd4f8d4a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sex Education Does It Really Work Essayhttp//.www.icg.apc.org/fund/men/sports. htmlGantz, W. (1995, Mar.). Fanship and the television sportsviewing experience. Sociology ofLapchick, R. (Ed.). (1986). Fractured focus. Lexington, MA.: Lexington Books. Lunney, D. (1996, March 26). Refs on run: Abuse of officials onrise in Manitoba. Winnipeg Sun, p. McPherson, B. D., Curtis, J. E., ; Loy, J. W. (1989). The socialsignificance of sport. Champaign,Messner, M. A., ; Sabo, D. F. (1994). Sex, violence and power insports. Freedom, CA.: The CrossingSnyder, E. E., ; Spreitzer, E. A. (1983). Social aspects ofsport. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.:In this essay, the main topic was to show that although there is an increase in the amount ofviolence that is occuring in sports, it should not be eliminated from the games that it is being used in. Although there has been a call by some to have violence such as fighting and body contacteliminated from games such as hockey, the reason that it is good to have these acts is because it allowsyou to vent your fustration out on a willing opponent instead of taking t out on an unsuspectingThe violence that is being used in sports should stay in the game due to its popularity and forthose who believe that it should be eliminated should learn what they are talking about before suchcomments are made to ruin the gam es that we enjoy. Bibliography:blah,blah